The Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents is a continuum that reflects the varying ability of psychopharmacologic agents to produce both agonist and antagonist effects. This spectrum ranges from agents that are purely agonistic (e.g., LSD) to those that are purely antagonistic (e.g., ketamine).
In between these extremes are agents that have both agonist and antagonist properties. The therapeutic use of psychopharmacologic agents often depends on their position on this spectrum. For example, agents that are pure antagonists are typically used to treat conditions characterized by excess activity, such as hypertension or mania.
In contrast, agents with mixed agonist/antagonist properties are often used to treat conditions characterized by both excess and deficient activity, such as depression or anxiety. However, students struggle with these concepts and assignments. Just get correct answers from our experts.
PPharm- Wk 1 DBQ Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience
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Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action as well as Week 2 : Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders: NUR 6630 Week 2: Therapy for Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders for you!!!
This week, as you begin to study psychopharmacology, you explore foundational neuroscience. You examine the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, compare the actions of g couple proteins to ion gated channels, and consider the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
Note: In previous courses, the term “patient” was used to describe the person receiving medical care. In traditional medicine and nursing, this term is used to describe the person you do something to, and it often refers to a passive recipient of care and services. As you move into the realm of psychiatric mental health, a transition will occur.
You will work with individuals who are active participants in their care, and these individuals are generally referred to as “clients” as opposed to “patients.” It is important to note that the term “client” is also favored in other mental health disciplines, such as psychiatry, psychology, and social work.
The assignment should be answered in APA format using at least 3 credible sources including the course materials. The references should be no more than 5 years old and evidence-based ones are even better. Ensure that all the questions are answered in order to get full marks from the lecturer.
Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents: NURS 6630 Week 1
Post a response to each of the following:
- Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.
- Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.
- Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.
- Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.
Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience
Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents: As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, it is essential for you to have a strong background in foundational neuroscience. In order to diagnose and treat clients, you must not only understand the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, but also how medications for these disorders impact the central nervous system. These concepts of foundational neuroscience can be challenging to understand. Therefore, this Discussion is designed to encourage you to think through these concepts, develop a rationale for your thinking, and deepen your understanding by interacting with your colleagues.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Analyze the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents
- Compare the actions of g couple proteins to ion gated channels
- Analyze the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action
- Analyze the impact of foundational neuroscience on the prescription of medications
Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents Required Readings
Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press *Preface, pp. ix–x
Note: To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter. Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents
- Chapter 1, “Chemical Neurotransmission”
- Chapter 2, “Transporters, Receptors, and Enzymes as Targets of Psychopharmacologic Drug Action”
- Chapter 3, “Ion Channels as Targets of Psychopharmacologic Drug Action”
NURS 6630 Week 1: Introduction to Neuroscience
Modern psychopharmacology is largely the story of chemical neurotransmission. To understand the actions of drugs on the brain, to grasp the impact of diseases on the central nervous system, and to interpret the behavioral consequences of psychiatric medicines, one must be fluent in the language and principles of neurotransmission.
—Dr. Stephen M. Stahl in Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology
By using a combination of psychotherapy and medication therapy, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners are positioned to provide a very unique type of care to clients with psychiatric disorders. To be successful in this role, you must have a strong theoretical foundation in pathophysiology, psychopharmacology, and neuroscience. This foundation will help you assess, diagnose, and treat clients as you relate presenting symptoms to theoretical neuronal functioning.
Required Media for Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents
Laureate Education (Producer). (2016i). Introduction to psychopharmacology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes.
Optional Resources
Laureate Education (Producer). (2009). Pathopharmacology: Disorders of the nervous system: Exploring the human brain [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 15 minutes.
Dr. Myslinski reviews the structure and function of the human brain. Using human brains, he examines and illustrates the development of the brain and areas impacted by disorders associated with the brain. Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents
Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Introduction to advanced pharmacology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 8 minutes.
In this media presentation, Dr. Terry Buttaro, associate professor of practice at Simmons School of Nursing and Health Sciences, discusses the importance of pharmacology for the advanced practice nurse.
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Agonist vs Antagonist
Agonists and antagonists are known to be key players in human body and in pharmacology. Agonist and antagonist act in opposite directions. When agonist produces an action, antagonist opposes the action.
First of all when talking of muscles, agonist is that works with muscles and antagonist is that works against the muscles. Agonist works when the muscles relax and antagonist works when muscles contract. Agonists can be called as ‘prime movers’ as these very much responsible for producing specific movements.
Agonist is a substance, which combines with the cell receptor to produce some reaction that is typical for that substance. On the other hand, antagonist is a chemical, which opposes or reduces the action.
In medicines, an agonist ties to a receptor site and causes a response whereas an antagonist works against the drug and blocks the response. While agonists stimulate an action, antagonists sit idle, doing nothing.
Agonists are also chemicals or reactions, which help in binding and also altering the function of the activity of receptors. On the other hand, antagonists though help in binding receptors, they do not alter its activity.
When agonist is a compound that impersonate the action of neurotransmitter, antagonist blocks the action of neurotransmitter. Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents
Agonists combine with other chemical substances and promote some action. On the contrary, antagonists after combining with certain chemical substances only interfere with its action.
Agonist has been derived from late Latin word agnista, which means contender. Antagonist has been derived from Latin antagonista and from Greek antagonistes, which means “competitor, rival or opponent.”
Summary
- 1. Agonist and antagonist act in opposite directions. When agonist produces an action, antagonist opposes the action.
- 2. Agonist works when the muscles relax and antagonist works when muscles contract.
- 3. While agonists stimulate an action, antagonists sit idle, doing nothing.
- 4. An agonist ties to a receptor site and causes a response whereas an antagonist works against the drug and blocks the response.
- 5. Agonists are also chemicals or reactions, which help in binding and also altering the function of the activity of receptors. On the other hand, antagonists though help in binding receptors, they do not alter its activity.
- 6. When agonist is a compound that impersonate the action of neurotransmitter, antagonist blocks the action of neurotransmitter.
- 7. Agonist has been derived from late Latin word agnista, which means contender. Antagonist has been derived from Latin antagonista and from Greek antagonistes, which means “competitor, rival or opponent.” Agonist-to-antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacologic Agents
Read more: Difference Between Agonist and Antagonist | Difference Between | Agonist vs Antagonist http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-agonist-and-antagonist/#ixzz5Y9bFHCE5
Discussion Week 2
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On the cellar level the ligand gated ion channel an agonist can bind to a receptor and cause the same phycological response as a natural ligand. An antagonist binds to the receptor and do not cause a phycological response but block that receptor preventing the natural ligand from going into that receptor. For example, most antipsychotic drugs act as dopamine receptor antagonist. Blocking reuptake of dopamine (Howland, 2016). Some antipsychotic drugs also act as inverse agonist at the serotonin receptor causing an opposite effect. An inverse agonist produces a opposite effect of the agonist.
In regard to the efficacy of a drug treatments, the NP has to provide a very good patient assessment to provide the patient with an accurate diagnosis. The NP having knowledge, can correctly prescribe the drug (agonist, antagonist or reverse agonist) that will act on the on the targeted neurotransmitter to produce the desired effect in the patient.
Ion gated channels pull and bond to the agonist changing the protein. G coupled proteins are proteins used by the cell to convert intracellular signals into responses (Zhao, Deng, Jiang, Oing, 2016).
Epigenetics is modifications in gene expression that is controlled by various fundamental epigenetic mechanisms leading to various physical and psychiatric diseases. As a result, traditional treatment may often prove ineffective with these patients because these mechanisms regulate cellular and gene expression, just to name a few (Rasool, et al., 2015).
As practitioner, my patient assessment may also include an education and discussion concerning pharmacogenomics. Particularly, if the patient comes to me after having been on various medication treatments that were unsuccessfully. Knowledge of a medications action is important for example; treating a patient with Bipolar I that is exhibiting depression symptoms but also reported that he maxed out his credit card last week on video games. With the knowledge that an antidepressant should not be given because the action of the antidepressant would cause the patient to go into mania.
References
Berg, K., A., Clarke, W., P. (2018). Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and
Functional Selectivity, International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Volume 21, Issue 10, October 2018, Pages 962–977, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071
Howland, R. H. (2016). Pimavanserin: An inverse agonist antipsychotic drug. Journal of
Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 54(6), 21-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3928/02793695-20160523-01
Rasool, M., Malik, A., Naseer, M. I., Manan, A., Ansari, S., Begum, I., Qazi, M. H., Pushparaj,
P., Abuzenadah, A. M., Al-Qahtani, M. H., Kamal, M. A., & Gan, S. (2015). The role of epigenetics in personalized medicine: challenges and opportunities. BMC medical genomics, 8 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-8-S1-S5
Zhao, J., Deng, Y., Jiang, Z., Oing, H. (2016). G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in
Alzheimer’s Disease; A Focus om BACE1 Related GPCRs. Frontier in Aging Neuroscience., https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00058Bottom of Form
