Ethical And Legal Implications Of Prescribing Drugs Assignment

Implications for law and ethics

The nurse, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family must all evaluate the major ethical consequences of this medical error. First and foremost, the nurse owed it to the hospital and the patient’s family to report the error. This blunder violated the nurse’s ethical duty to ensure beneficence in care delivery. In addition, the nurse must promote impartiality in daily practice. However, the failure to follow the necessary method to address the error rendered this duty to seek justice for the patient null and void. Furthermore, nurses should uphold the concept of loyalty by being devoted to their patients. As a result, refusing to admit the drug error violates the fidelity principle. However, from a legal standpoint, the error should be reported through the correct channels, as this is a sign of professional behavior. However, the nurse’s reaction in this case provides a legal foundation for dealing with the situation. However, before to dispensing the drug, the pharmacist had a moral and legal obligation to advise the patient’s family of the best way to use it and any potential side effects. As a result, the patient’s family may sue the pharmacist for failing to sufficiently inform them. The patient’s family was in responsible of reporting adverse drug reactions and discontinuing therapy. They may file a negligence action against the nurse and the medical center.

How to Handle Disclosure and Nondisclosure

The nurse should confer with the doctor in this case to identify the best course of action. A nurse practitioner and a doctor in the state of Illinois are intended to collaborate under a partnership agreement to enhance consultation and referrals. Most nurses are hesitant to take this step out of fear of losing their jobs. The option is to rely on the nursing code of ethics; nevertheless, this may necessitate reliance on the state apology law. According to Westrick and Jacob (2016), this law ensures that the nurse’s confession cannot be used against her in court and allows the nurse to seek forgiveness for her wrongdoings. As a result, when the nurse pleads for forgiveness and expresses regret for her actions, she is not subject to legal repercussions. Failure to disclose, on the other hand, prevents patients from participating in their treatment, causes injury to the patient, and fosters mistrust between nurses and patients.

Decision-Making Techniques

In this situation, if I were the nurse, my first course of action would be to get in touch with the patient’s family as soon as I learned the medical mistake. To make sure that the patient’s family does not continue to use the medication, this action is required. Therefore, I would urge the patient’s family to return to the clinic for a checkup and dose modification (Lavan, Gallagher, & O’Mahony, 2016). The second tactic is using Illinois prescription drug rules and regulations as a decision-making framework. In order to come up with the appropriate treatment plan for the patient, it is possible to work with the doctor.

Read Also: Discussion: Role of the RN APRN in Policy Evaluation Essay

Health care delivery is sometimes associated with medical errors, which often pose danger to the recovery of the patient and sometimes it leads fatalities. Therefore, nurses should be cautious when prescribing drugs. The right use of medicine is crucial in realizing positive patient outcomes.

However, improper drug use can harm the patient, lead to poor patient satisfaction, and result in unwarranted legal consequences (Rehan & Bhargava, 2015). When nurses prescribe medications, they must do so in accordance with legal and ethical standards. As a result, it is critical for nurses to understand the legal and ethical implications of drug prescription for specific patients and conditions. As a result, this paper will investigate the issue of incorrect medical prescription by utilizing a scenario in which a nurse mistakenly prescribed an adult dose for a five-year-old child. The paper will specifically use this scenario to discuss the legal and ethical implications of prescription writing errors. Furthermore, the paper will discuss appropriate legal and ethical strategies for dealing with such errors.

https://www.onlinenursingessays.com/ethical-and-legal-implications-of-prescribing-drugs-assignment/

The Prescription Writing Process, Including Strategies to Reduce Medication Errors

According to the World Health Organization (2016), before beginning the process of writing prescriptions, the nurse should conduct a patient examination and diagnosis to determine the true medical condition that a patient is suffering from and, as a result, prescribe the appropriate medication for the condition. To help reduce errors, the nurse should include important information such as the patient’s name, date, address, and date of birth in the written prescription. Similarly, the prescribing nurse should include personal information such as name, address, and contact information. Furthermore, nurses may use electronic prescriptions to help eliminate medication errors (Puaar & Franklin, 2018). Furthermore, the drug’s name and related details such as dosage and method of administration should be clearly indicated.

Conclusion

Humans make mistakes, and nurses can sometimes make errors in medical prescriptions. However, these mistakes are frequently costly and result in dangerous outcomes, including fatalities. As a result, nurses must understand the ethical and legal environment and use caution when prescribing medications. Furthermore, they must conduct thorough medical reviews before beginning the prescription process.

Ethical And Legal Implications Of Prescribing Drugs

Based on your patient’s diagnosis, what type of medication should you prescribe? How much medication should the patient be given? How frequently should the medication be taken? When should the medication be avoided? Are there any individual patient factors that could cause complications with the medication? Should you give this patient medication? What impact might different state regulations have on prescribing this drug to this patient?

These are some of the questions you might ask yourself before deciding on a treatment plan for a patient.

Every day, as an advanced practice nurse prescribing drugs, you are held accountable for people’s lives. Because of your position, patients and their families will frequently place their trust in you. This trust brings with it power and responsibility, as well as an ethical and legal obligation to “do no harm.” It is critical that you are aware of the most recent professional, legal, and ethical standards for advanced practice nurses with prescribing authority. Furthermore, it is critical to ensure that treatment plans and drug administration/prescribing are in accordance with the regulations of the state in which you practice. Understanding how these regulations may affect the prescribing of specific drugs in various states may have a significant impact on your patient’s treatment plan. In this Assignment, you investigate the ethical and legal implications of scenarios and consider how to respond appropriately.

To Prepare

· Review the Resources for this module and consider the legal and ethical implications of prescribing prescription drugs, disclosure, and nondisclosure.

· Review the scenario assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.

· Search specific laws and standards for prescribing prescription drugs and for addressing medication errors for your state or region, and reflect on these as you review the scenario assigned by your Instructor.

· Consider the ethical and legal implications of the scenario for all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.

· Think about two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your ethically and legally responsible decision-making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose any medication errors.

Write a 3-page paper that addresses the following:

· Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.

· Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state.

· Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.

· Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references.

By Day 7 of Week 1

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

• Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
• Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state.
• Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.
• Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The College of Nursing Writing Template with Instructions provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general#s-lg-box-20293632). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

• Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
• Click the Week 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
• Click the Week 1 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
• Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
• If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
• Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 1 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Week 1 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 1

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Week 1 Assignment

Learning Resources

Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2^nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

• Chapter 1, “Prescriptive Authority” (pp. 1–3)
• Chapter 2, “Rational Drug Selection and Prescription Writing” (pp. 4–7)
• Chapter 3, “Promoting Positive Outcomes of Drug Therapy” (pp. 8–12)
• Chapter 4, “Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Interactions” (pp. 13–33)
• Chapter 5, “Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors” (pp. 34–42)
• Chapter 6, “Individual Variation in Drug Response” (pp. 43–45)

American Geriatrics Society 2019 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. (2019). American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(4), 674–694. doi:10.1111/jgs.15767

American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults by American Geriatrics Society, in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 67/Issue 4. Copyright 2019 by Blackwell Publishing. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This article is an update to the Beers Criteria, which includes lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults as well as newly added criteria that lists select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual’s kidney function and select drug-drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults.

Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-a). Code of federal regulations. Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1300/1300_01.htm

This website outlines the code of federal regulations for prescription drugs.

Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-b). Mid-level practitioners authorization by state. Retrieved May 13, 2019 from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/practioners/index.html

This website outlines the schedules for controlled substances, including prescriptive authority for each schedule.

Drug Enforcement Administration. (2006). Practitioner’s manual. Retrieved from http://www.legalsideofpain.com/uploads/pract_manual090506.pdf
This manual is a resource for practitioners who prescribe, dispense, and administer controlled substances. It provides information on general requirements, security issues, recordkeeping, prescription requirements, and addiction treatment programs.

Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-c). Registration. Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/index.html

This website details key aspects of drug registration.

Fowler, M. D. M., & American Nurses Association. (2015). Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements: Development, Interpretation, and Application (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: American Nurses Association.

This resource introduces the code of ethics for nurses and highlights critical aspects for ethical guideline development, interpretation, and application in practice.

Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (2017). List of error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations. Retrieved from https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/error-prone-abbreviations-list

This website provides a list of prescription-writing abbreviations that might lead to misinterpretation, as well as suggestions for preventing resulting errors.

Ladd, E., & Hoyt, A. (2016). Shedding light on nurse practitioner prescribing. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(3), 166–173. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.09.17

This article provides NPs with information regarding state-based laws for NP prescribing.

Sabatino, J. A., Pruchnicki, M. C., Sevin, A. M., Barker, E., Green, C. G., & Porter, K. (2017). Improving prescribing practices: A pharmacist‐led educational intervention for nurse practitioner students. Journal of the American Association ofNursePractitioners, 29(5), 248–254. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12446

The authors of this article assess the impact of a pharmacist‐led educational intervention on family nurse practitioner (FNP) students’ prescribing skills, perception of preparedness to prescribe, and perception of pharmacist as collaborator.

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

Introduction to Advanced Pharmacology

Meet Dr. Terry Buttaro, associate professor of practice at Simmons College of Nursing and Health Sciences as she discusses the importance of pharmacology for the advanced practice nurse. (8m)

What’s Coming Up in Module 2?

Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images

In the next module, you will examine the impact of changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes on patient drug therapy for cardiovascular disorders and the types of drugs prescribed to patients with respiratory disorders.

Looking Ahead: Week 2 Assignment

In Week 2, your Instructor will assign you a case study related to Assignment 1 by Day 1 of the week. Please make sure to review the “Course Announcements” area of the course to verify your assigned case study. Please plan ahead to ensure you have time to review your case study and Learning Resources in order to complete your Assignment on time.

The Ethical and Legal Consequences of Prescription Drugs

Some fatal medical accidents that can result in a patient’s death are caused by improper drug administration. Through a reporting system, policies and legal frameworks exist to reduce the occurrence of such incidents and other medical errors. The case scenario involves prescribing medication to a child according to the standards for elderly patients. Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescription Drugs for NURS 6521 Week 1 Assignment Several people are frequently affected and implicated in the chain of an erroneous subscription, but the patient is the one who suffers the most.

Ethical and legal consequences for all involved parties

In the sequence of events involving the administration of medication prescribed according to the standard of an elderly patient, the prescriber comes first. The error originates with the prescriber. The error is morally and legally improper. First, the prescriber is aware of the patient’s status as a child. The prescribing of drugs for a child according to the standard elderly patient exposes the patient to a lawsuit and places the child at risk of overdose. Also liable for compounding the prescriber’s error is the pharmacist. The pharmacists should be invested in the patient receiving the prescribed medications. Before prescribing medication, it is essential to inquire about and confirm the demographic characteristics of the patient, such as age. The patient and his or her family have not violated any moral or legal principles. Patients believe their physicians to be accurate and take their prescribed medications accordingly. They are not trained experts. Therefore, both the prescriber and the pharmacists are morally and legally responsible for the incorrect prescription. Ethical and Legal Consequences of Prescription Drugs, NURS 6521 week 1 assignment.

Approaches to Disclosure and Non-Disclosure

Medical professionals acknowledge the occurrence of medical errors in their field. Health institutions, state governments, and the federal government have established procedures and channels for reporting and responding to medical errors. Until June 20, 2003, when the state legislature passed House Bill 1614, the state of Texas did not have a comprehensive disclosure system (Quality and patient safety, n.d). Despite having subtle similarities with other levels of legislation, the law is unique to Texas’s requirements. The essential component of the law is the requirement that mental hospitals, hospitals, and ambulatory surgical centers record medical errors in detail.

The advantages of the strategy are its capacity to increase surveillance on practitioners who make frequent mistakes and the severity of the errors that warrant legal actions. It could be implemented to identify and punish practitioners liable for widespread negligence and other errors. The strategy could also reveal quack practitioners who entered the profession without the necessary prerequisites, practitioners with insufficient training, or pseudo-practitioners. To emphasize the seriousness with which medical errors are dealt with, the health care industry must emphasize the recording of medical errors and the implementation of legal frameworks to handle cases at the court level. The strategy would increase the practitioner’s focus and reduce deaths and other adverse drug reactions that are harmful to the patient’s health.

Decision-Making Strategies for This Scenario and Disclosure of Error

The response to the situation is dictated by principles of integrity and honesty. The two principles determine one’s relationship with professional ethics and conduct codes. Consequently, utilizing professional codes and professional ethics are the two most important responses to the scenario. For instance, ethical principles such as Kantian deontology define ethics or morality as action based on the rule of law regardless of the actor’s and recipient’s consequences (Barrow & Khandhar, 2019). State law requires reporting of the situation in this instance. I would report the medical error in accordance with ethical principles. The code of conduct specifies how physicians should interact with patients. For example, implementing the code of performing well in all circumstances would necessitate entering a report and fast-tracking the child to ensure the threat is managed. Ethical and Legal Consequences of Prescription Drugs, NURS 6521 week 1 assignment.

The Method of Formulating Prescriptions

Before prescribing medications, the practitioner and pharmacist should consider the laboratory reports and the demographics of the patient. Analyses of these variables help prescribers determine the dosage and type of medication to administer to a patient. In addition, the prescription must be reexamined to ensure that it meets the patient’s needs. In the event that a practitioner lacks knowledge or experience regarding a prescription, they should accept responsibility for errors. Doing so would reduce drug errors caused by ego.

Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs

Nurse have varying degrees of prescriptive authority over medical services, medication, and controlled substances. This creates the need for nurses to understand the ethical implications associated with prescribing medications. Understanding the ethical obligation makes it effective for a nurse to shed light on the common issue that relates to the opioid crisis (Haahr et al., 2020). In addition, ethical obligation makes it effective for nurses to influence their prescription. The benefit of ethical regulation is that they help prevent medical errors, which is a concern in the healthcare system (Haahr et al., 2020). The paper examines the case study of a nurse that prescribed her husband despite not being her patient.

Ethical and Legal Implications of the Scenario

The medication prescribed was Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) tablets. Hydromorphone is an opioid that is effective in several binding receptors (Edinoff et al., 2021). According to (Edinoff et al. (2021), Hydromorphone is used to manage and treat severe acute pain and is effective for severe chronic action. Prescribing Hydromorphone is only allowed when the first line of treatment has failed since it is associated with overdose risk (Dassieu et al., 2019). The medication can also be prescribed when there is an off-label to help in cough suppression (Edinoff et al., 2021)..

The adverse side effects lead by the use of Hydromorphone cause an effect on several organ systems such as endocrine, gastrointestinal, integumentary, and respiratory systems. The most common side effects that the patient should experience include headaches, dizziness, nausea /vomiting, sweating, and flushing (Kiyokawa & Haning, 2021). The serious side effect includes depression or respiratory arrest, hypotension, adrenal insufficiency, drug withdrawal syndrome, and suicidal thoughts. The significant features of Hydromorphone analgesia are that it can occur without losing consciousness.

The effect of Hydromorphone on the central nervous system is that it helps in depressing cough reflex by affecting the medulla on the cough center. Hydromorphone causes a direct result on the brain stem respiratory centers, leading to an increase in carbon dioxide tension (Laycock & Bantel, 2019). The effect that Hydromorphine has on the gastrointestinal tract and smooth muscles is that it causes a decrease in motility, which leads to an increase in the tone of the duodenum and gastric antrum (Laycock & Bantel, 2019). In addition, there is a decrease in propulsive contractions.

Hydromorphone affects the cardiovascular system by influencing hypotension production, which leads to the release of histamine and peripheral vasodilation (Laycock & Bantel, 2019). It also has an effect on the myocardium after intravenous administration of opioids (Laycock & Bantel, 2019). However, the effect of the myocardium varies based on the opioid analgesic agents and state of sympathetic drive and hydration. The NR S 28-470 regulation in the Nebraska State allows dispensing and prescribing naloxone to other persons, family, and family members (Nebraska Medical Association, 2018). The prescribers and dispensers should assist someone who experiences an opioid-related overdose (Laycock & Bantel, 2019).

The ethical implication includes autonomy and the right to self-determination. Based on the case scenario, the nurse practitioner should be subject to legal action to allow the husband to use hydromorphone. It is expected that the nurse would take the initiative and advise the husband about the side effects associated with narcotics. The nurse practitioner should face legal action for violating the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence (Andrade, 2019). The nurse failed to choose what is best for a patient and avoid harming the patient when prescribing hydromorphone. A legal action should be taken to the patient for using a pain management strategy that is not ethically and medically justified. Nurse practitioner are entitled the obligation to helps patient and family member understand knowledge about ethical and legal aspect relating to pain management (Andrade, 2019).

Narcotics drug prescription should only be prescribed by the Drug Enforcement Administration, thus creating a legal implication for the nurse (Moore, 2019). The prescription should involve effective communication and consultation by evaluating the patient document, which helps in avoiding medical errors (Sari et al., 2018). The nurse violates the ethical implication by diverting the control of the narcotic drug to the husband. Therefore, the legal implication should be taken against the nurse and be accused of fraudulent activities by adopting the wrong prescription form.

Strategies to Address Disclosure and Non-Disclosure Based on the Scenario

When making a decision based on the patient, a nurse is obligated to disclose the information. The act leads to complying with autonomy which is the principle of ethics (Varkey, 2021). Legal implication advocates the need for the nurse to ensure full disclosure of medical errors. Based on the case scenario, that nurse is expected to apply all the principles of ethics, including justice, autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. The use of ethical guidelines effectively promotes a high level of patient attention and care (Varkey, 2021).

The strategy to adopt is to explain the prescription’s legal and ethical implications to the nurse. This will help the nurse acknowledge the need for information when deciding about the medical care despite making a prescription to her husband. Considering the principle of autonomy hinders a nurse from influencing a patient’s choice (Varkey, 2021). The nurse needs to acknowledge the mistake to the husband and seek professional advice who has medical knowledge that effectively minimizes uncertainty (Varkey, 2021).

Strategy to Guide Decision making in the Scenario

The nurse delegated the patient in deciding on the prescription, which translated to medical errors. Therefore, I would advise on the need to promote autonomy. I would encourage the benefit of accountability which is an effective way of controlling medical error (Robziewicz et al., 2021). The lack of addressing the problem is likely to influence a repeated error which can influence adverse events. I would not encourage punishment to the nurse but rather the need to implement an education structure that effectively improves patient safety. I would encourage the nurse’s need for a report by explaining what happened and explaining the intended action that would help in rectifying the medical error (Robziewicz et al., 2021). I would disclose the error to hinder the same mistake from recurring and ensure that I am keen to follow the proper medication reconciliation procedure when in practice.

Process of Writing Prescriptions

Writing the prescription process makes it effective for nurses and eliminates medical errors. The process entails writing the prescriber’s information which consists of the clinician’s name, office address, and contact information (Newby et al., 2019). It is important to include the patient information and specify when the prescription was written. The prescription should also include a recipe detailing the medication prescribed, dosage, and dose form (Newby et al., 2019).

The next step involves using a signature that shows the patient how the medication should be taken. There should also be dispensing instruction that helps the pharmacist know the level of medication that a patient should receive (Newby et al., 2019). The process makes it effective in reducing the chances of medical errors. In addition, the process involves picking and filling up the prescriptive medication in a clear way.

Conclusion

Effective strategies that can help minimize medical errors include using clear patient information. Information such as side effects should be disclosed. This helps in dispensing the correct drug, thus fulfilling’s the ethical guideline and avoiding being accountable for legal implications. Therefore, providing prescriptive guidelines is effective and helps improve patient safety and minimize medical errors

 References

Andrade, G. (2019). Medical ethics and the trolley problem. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc6642460/

Dassieu, L., Kaboré, J. L., Choinière, M., Arruda, N., & Roy, É. (2019). Chronic pain management among people who use drugs: A health policy challenge in the context of the opioid crisis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 150-156. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395919300891

Edinoff, A. N., Kaplan, L. A., Khan, S., Petersen, M., Sauce, E., Causey, C. D., … & Kaye, A. D. (2021). Full Opioid Agonists and Tramadol: Pharmacological and Clinical Considerations. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 11(4). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8520671/

Haahr, A., Norlyk, A., Martinsen, B., & Dreyer, P. (2020). Nurses experiences of ethical dilemmas: A review. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 258-272. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0969733019832941

Kiyokawa, M., & Haning, W. F. (2021). Hydromorphone-induced tactile hallucinations: rare opioid side effect. Cureus, 13(2). https://www.cureus.com/articles/51768-hydromorphone-induced-tactile-hallucinations-rare-opioid-side-effect

Laycock, H., & Bantel, C. (2019). Opioid mechanisms and opioid drugs. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 20(8), 450-455. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1472029919301286

Moore, D. J. (2019). Nurse practitioners’ pivotal role in ending the opioid epidemic. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 15(5), 323-327. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1555415518307542

Nebraska Medical Association (2018). Advocating for Physicians and the Health of all Nebraskans. https://www.nebmed.org/about/news/new-nebraska-laws-regarding-opiates-prescribing-and-continuing-ed

Newby, D. A., Stokes, B., & Smith, A. J. (2019). A pilot study of a pharmacist-led prescribing program for final-year medical students. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 1-6. https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-019-1486-1

Rodziewicz, T. L., Houseman, B., & Hipskind, J. E. (2021). Medical error reduction and prevention. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499956/

Sari, D., Baysal, E., Celik, G. G., & Eser, I. (2018). Ethical decision making levels of nursing students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(3), 724. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6041523/

Varkey, B. (2021). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17-28. https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/509119

Name: NURS_6521_Week1_Assignment_Rubric

Name: NURS_6521_Week1_Assignment_Rubric