PICOT and Literature Search
Amadu Conneh
Grand Canyon University
NRS-433V-0502
Dr. Sheranda Fesler, Faculty
July 30, 2022
Clinical Problem-Shortage of nurses in the ICU
The increase in the number of patients in need of healthcare has caused crisis in healthcare systems in U.S and the world in general, especially the shortage of nurse workers in the ICU. This challenge is witnessed in many forms. For instance, most healthcare organizations requires that nurses to be assigned four patients to care for at once. However, high acuity may become a problem because it adds burden to the available nurses. The circumstance leads to the shortage of staff; therefore, the charge nurse could face a difficult task. If one nurse calls off from the ICU, the charge nurse is compelled to point someone to cover the shift during their day off. Therefore, she may be forced to give the nurse a total of more than four patients due to the absence of one nurse worker. When this happens, the available nurse becomes overburdened. The nurse workload increases due to the excessive patient care demands placed on the assigned nurse, which compromises patient care. Nonetheless, the situation raises the occurrence of medical errors. The increasing volume of medical needs among the patients poses different challenges to the nurses including developing back injuries. In addition, due to severe workloads, nurses are frequently obliged to hold urination for extended periods of time, which can lead to urinary tract infections. Furthermore, the nurse workers experience significant stress and emotional damage. When faced with challenges caused by a heavy workload, having adequate nursing staff in the intensive care unit and other departments in a facility is the best solution. It significantly improves the well-being of nurses at work by increasing their job satisfaction and it prevents instances of poor health such as sickness and mortality rates.
PICOT Question
In the ICU departments, does sufficient nurse workers (I) prevent the occurrence of medical errors, infections and stress among patients and nurses themselves (O) within one year (T) compared to inadequate nurse workers (C)?
Population (P) – The target population is the patients in the ICU.
Intervention (I) – Sufficient nurse workers
Comparison (C) – Inadequate nurse workers.
Outcome (O) -Prevents infections, stress, and medical errors among the patients and nurses
Time (T) – The duration is one year.
Literature Evaluation Table
Criteria |
Article 1 |
Article 2 |
Article 3 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink | Fagerstrom, L., Kinnunen, M., & Saarela, J. (2018). Nursing workload, patient safety incidents, and mortality: An observational study from Finland. BMJ Open, 8(4), e016367 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324739031_Nursing_workload_patient_safety_incidents_and_mortality_An_observational_study_from_Finland | Nogueira, T. D. A., Menegueti, M. G., Perdoná, G. D. S. C., Auxiliadora-Martins, M., Fugulin, F. M. T., & Laus, A. M. (2017). Effect of nursing care hours on the outcomes of Intensive Care assistance. PloS one, 12(11), e0188241. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=printable&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188241 | Haegdorens, F., Van Bogaert, P., De Meester, K., & Monsieurs, K. G. (2019). The impact of nurse staffing levels and nurse’s education on patient mortality in medical and surgical wards: an observational multicentre study. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31752859/ |
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | The article identifies how nurses’ daily workloads relate to patients’ safety. It reveals that the nurses’ workload increases the health risks among patients. However, a reduced workload reduces the health risks. | It examines the ratio of nurse care hours delivered to patient needs. | It investigates the relationship between inpatient mortality and nursing staff ratios in the surgical and medical wards. |
| Quantitative or Qualitative (How do you know?) | The study is quantitative since the investigators employed an observational study as a research method to collect quantitative data. | This study is quantitative based on the nature of the research’s data. | The research is quantitative because it uses actual data from the selected hospital’s admission |
| Purpose Statement | The study seeks to determine if every nurse’s workload relates to patient safety issues and death. | To compare nursing care indicators with the typical number of nursing hours spent caring for patients in intensive care units (ICUs). | To ascertain how staffing numbers in surgical and medical wards affect patient mortality. |
| Research Question | Do patient safety incidents and mortality connect with individual nurses’ daily workload? | What is the relationship between patient care indicators and the amount of time spent on them during nursing care? | Is in-hospital mortality affected by the mean nursing hours per patient? |
| Outcome | A medical error and mortality likelihood was almost 25% lower if OPC/nurse was below the limit. Compared to the traditional patient-to-nurse measure, a workforce measure based on daily measurements of individual patient care needs and the required NWL (OPC/nurse) was marginally better at forecasting incidents and fatality rates. | Nursing care hours impact the health outcomes among patients. | The investigation determined that a higher nurse staffing level determines the low levels of patient mortality |
| Setting | The study included 36 units from four hospitals in Finland, one of which was a tertiary acute care hospital while the other three were secondary acute care hospitals. | An ICU in one of the private hospitals in Sao Paulo, Brazil | The study was conducted in seven Belgian Hospitals’ Medical and Surgical wards |
| Sample | 36 units | The selected hospital’s ICU patients between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2013 | The research involved 34,267 patients admitted to both medical and surgical wards |
| Method | The researchers employed the studying of safety incidents through observation. Also, they are based on collecting information from the reporting system in healthcare institutions. | The researchers based on the daily schedule of the nursing staff and the electronic records system, which provided them with information on the number of nurses working in the surveyed ICU daily and monthly. The investigators then utilized the Generalized Linear Models to analyze it | The research included all admitted patients, excluding children under seven and pregnant women. The researchers employed a randomized controlled trial and conducted an observational study to collect data from the medical and surgical wards. |
| Key Findings of the Study | The increased workload of hospital nurses increases the danger of patient fatalities and safety problems. | According to the study, giving patients additional hours per day decreased the incidences of pneumonia and phlebitis, which are related to using a ventilator. | Understaffing among nurses results in higher patient mortality. The researchers reached this conclusion since there were negative outcomes concerning the nurses’ proportion of hours per patient and mortality rate. |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | Investigators, in this case, recommended that future researchers confirm the study’s findings. It showed a link between the daily workload for each nurse and patient safety issues and mortality. | Health care providers should focus on assessing the hazards which result from inadequate nurse staffing in the ICU because patient safety is impacted massively by the number of nursing care hours. They achieve this goal by including indicators to monitor healthcare services. In essence, there is a need to negotiate nurse staffing and promote patient safety using various indicators that monitor healthcare services. | According to the inquiry, creating a method for calculating the ideal nurse staffing level to provide care for each patient during the proper daily hours is crucial. |
| Criteria | Article 4 | Article 5 | Article 6 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink | Pazokian, M., & Borhani, F. (2017). Nurses’ perspectives on factors affecting patient safety: A qualitative study. Evidence Based Care, 7(3), 76-81. https://ebcj.mums.ac.ir/article_9382.html | Banda, Z., Simbota, M., & Mula, C. (2022). A qualitative study of nurses’ perceptions of the effects of high nursing workload on patient care in an intensive care unit of a referral hospital in Malawi. BMC nursing, 21(1), 1-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35650646/
| Bridges, J., Griffiths, P., Oliver, E., & Pickering, R. M. (2019). Hospital nurse staffing and staff–patient interactions: an observational study. BMJ quality & safety, 28(9), 706-713. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30918050/ |
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | The article identifies how different elements, for instance, nurse staffing, affect patient safety. | The study investigates nurses’ perspectives on the issue of heavy workloads in the ICU.
| The authors successfully carried out an observational study to comprehend how patients feel about their satisfaction with the care they receive, both when it is high and when it is low. |
| Quantitative or Qualitative (How do you know?) | It is a qualitative study because it used structured interviews during the data collection process | Since interviews are conducted as part of the data collection procedure, the research is qualitative. | The research is qualitative because analyzing the patients’ provided feedback is involved. |
| Purpose Statement | The research seeks to determine nurses’ perspectives on the elements that influence patient safety | To investigate and describe how Malawian nurses perceive the effects of a heavy nursing burden in the ICU. | The study aims to look into how patients engage with nursing and staffing in terms of both quality and quantity. |
| Research Question | What elements, according to nurses, affect patient safety? | What impact do heavy workloads have in ICU nursing? | Is there a link between patient outcomes and high nurse staff? |
| Outcome | Improving nurses’ skills, ensuring adequate staffing, and improving nursing equipment and facilities are key to better health care services. | Because of their heavy workloads, nurses provided patients with subpar treatment, endangering their safety. High workloads also jeopardized the safety of the nurses. | Negative relationships occasionally prevented satisfaction |
Setting (Where did the study take place?) | Five educational healthcare facilities in Tehran | Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. | England, NHS Hospital Trust |
| Sample | The study involved 32 nurses from different units: critical care, intensive care, emergency, gastroenterology, and nephrology. | 12 nurses | The research involved 270 patients and 13800 staff members |
| Method | The research involved a qualitative study design involving semi-structured interviews of between 30 and 45 minutes. Before the interviews, the researchers obtained consent from the nurses who participated in the research. | The researchers conducted a purposive sampling to choose research volunteers depending on how long they had previously worked at the hospital. After that, they gave their informed consent. To gather the research data, the researchers then conducted ten in-depth interviews. They used Braun & Clarke’s thematic analysis technique to assess the data after the data collection phase. | The investigators observed the patient outcomes based on varied staff ratios for one year. Then they used regression analysis to analyze the gathered data about the quality of care for patients. |
| Key Findings of the Study | The outcomes for patient safety are enhanced when nurses’ skills are increased, staffing levels are met, and facilities and equipment are upgraded. These actions encourage motivation and job satisfaction. | The excessive nurse workload impacts critically ill patients and ICU nurses. It compromises patient safety and prevents effective care. It also hurts the health of nurses. | From the study, the nurses with at least eight patients displayed poor interaction with them compared to those who handled a lower number. |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | Adequate staffing should be implemented in nursing to prevent stress among them and promote better patient outcomes | Nurse managers and policymakers should concentrate on increasing the number of ICU nurses and implementing various measures to solve the problem of high workloads and the impacts it causes on patient care. | The authors advise looking into why there is a poor relationship between nurses and patients when there is a low staffing ratio. |
References
Banda, Z., Simbota, M., & Mula, C. (2022). Nurses’ perceptions on the effects of high nursing workload on patient care in an intensive care unit of a referral hospital in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMC nursing, 21(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12912-022-00918-x.
Bridges, J., Griffiths, P., Oliver, E., & Pickering, R. M. (2019). Hospital nurse staffing and staff–patient interactions: an observational study. BMJ quality & safety, 28(9), 706-713. DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008948
Fagerstrom, L., Kinnunen, M., & Saarela, J. (2018). Nursing workload, patient safety incidents, and mortality: An observational study from Finland. BMJ Open, 8(4), e016367 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016367
Haegdorens, F., Van Bogaert, P., De Meester, K., & Monsieurs, K. G. (2019). The impact of nurse staffing levels and nurse’s education on patient mortality in medical and surgical wards: an observational multicentre study. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4688-7
Nogueira, T. D. A., Menegueti, M. G., Perdoná, G. D. S. C., Auxiliadora-Martins, M., Fugulin, F. M. T., & Laus, A. M. (2017). Effect of nursing care hours on the outcomes of Intensive Care assistance. PloS one, 12(11), e0188241. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188241
Pazokian, M., & Borhani, F. (2017). Nurses’ perspectives on factors affecting patient safety: A qualitative study. Evidence Based Care, 7(3), 76-81. DOI:10.22038/EBCJ.2017.24174.1520
Assessment Description
The first step of the evidence-based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice environment to identify a nursing problem in the clinical area. When a nursing problem is discovered, the nurse researcher develops a clinical guiding question to address that nursing practice problem.
For this assignment, you will create a clinical guiding question know as a PICOT question. The PICOT question must be relevant to a nursing practice problem. To support your PICOT question, identify six supporting peer-reviewed research articles, as indicated below. The PICOT question and six peer-reviewed research articles you choose will be utilized for subsequent assignments.
Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” to complete this assignment.
- Select a nursing practice problem of interest to use as the focus of your research. Start with the patient population and identify a clinical problem or issue that arises from the patient population. In 200–250 words, provide a summary of the clinical issue.
- Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT question in your selected nursing practice problem area of interest. The PICOT question should be applicable to your proposed capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study).
- The PICOT question will provide a framework for your capstone project.
- Conduct a literature search to locate six research articles focused on your selected nursing practice problem of interest. This literature search should include three quantitative and three qualitative peer-reviewed research articles to support your nursing practice problem.
Note: To assist in your search, remove the words qualitative and quantitative and include words that narrow or broaden your main topic. For example: Search for diabetes and pediatric and dialysis. To determine what research design was used in the articles the search produced, review the abstract and the methods section of the article. The author will provide a description of data collection using qualitative or quantitative methods. Systematic Reviews, Literature Reviews, and Metanalysis articles are good resources and provide a strong level of evidence but are not considered primary research articles. Therefore, they should not be included in this assignment.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
Attachments
NRS-433V -RS1-LiteratureEvaluationTable.docx
The first step of the evidence‐based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice environment to identify a nursing problem in the clinical area. When a nursing problem is discovered, the nurse researcher develops a clinical guiding question to address that nursing practice problem.
For this assignment, you will create a clinical guiding question know as a PICOT question. The PICOT question must be relevant to a nursing practice problem. To support your PICOT question, identify six supporting peer‐revised research articles, as indicated below. The PICOT question and six peer‐reviewed research articles you choose will be utilized for subsequent assignments.
Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” to complete this assignment.
- Select a nursing practice problem of interest to use as the focus of your research (use hypertension as a topic/problem). Start with the patient population and identify a clinical problem or issue that arises from the patient population. In 200–250 words, provide a summary of the clinical issue.
- Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT question in your selected nursing practice problem area of interest. The PICOT question should be applicable to your proposed capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN‐BSN program of study).
- The PICOT question will provide a framework for your capstone project.
- Conduct a literature search to locate six research articles focused on your selected nursing practice problem of interest. This literature search should include three quantitative and three qualitative peer‐reviewed research articles to support your nursing practice problem.
PICOT Question And Literature Search
One of the most fundamental stages RN-BSN program is a Capstone project, usually guided by a well-formulated PICOT question. This week’s assignment, therefore, covers the formulation of a PICOT question. Besides, a total of peer-reviewed research articles supporting the PICOT question, with three qualitative and the other three being quantitative, will be located and analyzed.
Summary of Clinical Issue (200-250 words):
among the most prominent clinical problems is postpartum depression. The postpartum period is one of the riskiest moments in terms of the development of a maternal postpartum depression since the period is a challenging transition period (Martín-Gómez et al., 2019). Indeed, developing depressive disorders during this period becomes twofold as compared to other durations of a mother’s life. Postpartum depression has been regarded as a serious mental health condition. However, postpartum depression may not be undetected hence failing to treat the condition. Such a lack of treatment may negatively affect the mental health and the overall health outcomes of the mothers, the new babies, and the bigger family. In the event of postpartum depression, the affected mothers may fail to sufficiently respond to the newborn’s needs and exhibit dwindled tolerance, negligence, and hostility Martín-Gómez et al., 2019). The implication is reduced breastfeeding and interference with the mother-newborn bonding. Besides, the child’s physical health and socio-emotional, behavioral, and cognitive development may be impaired. Previous studies have also shown that maternal postpartum depression is a risk factor for the development of paternal depression, with up to half of the fathers affected. The result is a potential diminished interaction with the baby, feelings of frustration, and communication breakdown that can easily heighten marital conflicts. As such, it is vital that various strategies are used in combating depressive disorder, including innovative strategies for diagnosing the condition or management and prevention. Of import is that nursing interventions can effectively be applied to help in fighting the clinical problem.
Literature Evaluation Table
PICOT Question: Among the mother who have newly given birth (P), what is the efficacy of psychoeducation (I) in comparison to normal clinical routine (C) in preventing the development of postpartum depression (O) within six month study period (T)?
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink | Chaharrahifard, L., Motlagh, A. J., Akbari-Kamrani, M., Ataee, M., & Esmaelzadeh–Saeieh, S. (2021). The Effect of Midwife-led Psycho-Education on Parental Stress, Postpartum Depression and Parental Competency in High-Risk Pregnancy Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(2), 70-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2021.014
| Niksalehi, S., Taghadosi, M., Mazhariazad, F., & Tashk, M. (2018). The effectiveness of mobile phone text massaging support for mothers with postpartum depression: A clinical before and after study. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(5), 1058. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_120_17 | Derakhshanpour, F., Kashani, L., Taghavi, S., Salimi, Z., & Shahini, N. (2020). Effect of a Psychoeducation Intervention on Postpartum Health. Journal of Clinical and Basic Research, 4(4), 8-16. 10.52547/jcbr.4.4.8 | |
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | The relationship between this article and the PICOT question is that the article has explored the effect of psychoeducation on various depressive disorders such as postpartum depression. The PICOT also deals with psychoeducation as an intervention for postpartum depression. | This article also relates to the PICOT question in that it evaluates the impacts of psychoeducation delivered through a means of text messages. The research, therefore, deals with one of the many strategies of delivering psychoeducation. | The relationship between this study and the PICOT question is that this study evaluated the influence of a psychoeducation strategy delivered 48 hours before delivery on the development of postpartum depression, among other health complications and mental disorders. | |
| Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) | Quantitative study: identified through the data analysis strategy where statistical analysis was employed as the strategy | The article is a quantitative study since the data was analyzed through statistical tools such as SPSS. | The study is also a quantitative study; data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools such as SPSS. | |
| Purpose Statement | The purpose of the research was to examine the impact of psychoeducation as led by midwives on postpartum depression, parental competency, and parental stress. | The purpose of the research was to evaluate whether psychoeducation delivered through long-distance counseling with text messaging as the media is effective in treating the mothers at risk of developing postpartum depression. | The main purpose of the study was to examine how effective a psychoeducation strategy given 48 h before delivering the baby was on postpartum mental health such as postpartum depression. | |
| Research Question | What is the influence of mid-wife led psychoeducation on preventing postpartum depression, parental stress, and improving parental competency? | What is the efficacy of using long-distance counseling through short text messages in treating women with postpartum depression? | What is the effectiveness of psychoeducation delivered 48h before delivery on the postpartum mental health of mothers? | |
| Outcome | From the study findings, the use of midwife-led psychoeducation led to reduced development of postpartum depression and parental stress as well as improved parental competency among the intervention group as compared to the control group. | The outcome is that the intervention was effective in improving the women’s literacy regarding postpartum depression hence better outcomes. | The outcome is that the psychoeducation given forty-eight hours before delivery was not effective. | |
Setting (Where did the study take place?) | The study was carried in a hospital in Karaj, Iran, among mothers who get admission to the high-risk pregnancy units. | The study was carried out in one of the health care facilities associated with Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. | The study took place in a maternity ward in a hospital in Gorgan.
| |
| Sample | The sample size had a total of 66 women. | The study involved 54 women. | A total of eighty pregnant women who were about to give birth were recruited in the study. | |
| Method | This study was a randomized controlled trial where the researchers applied a convenient method for sampling, and the women were assigned randomly to either the intervention or the control group. | The method of research used in this article is a pre-test and post-test clinical study. | This study was a randomized clinical trial, where the research subjects were randomly placed in the control group or the intervention group. | |
| Key Findings of the Study | Among the key findings of the study is that while there was a significant improvement of parental competency in the intervention group as compared to the control group, psychoeducation led to lower incidences of postpartum depression. | Some of the key findings of the study include: Text messages sent to women with postpartum depression would lead to a decreased depressive symptoms. The evaluation of pre-test and post-test showed significant differences. | -The main findings of the study is that there was no notable difference in positive postpartum outcomes between the groups when a short-term educational intervention was used. -the use of psychoeducation just two days before delivery was found to have an effect in improving postpartum mental health.
| |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | Among the recommendations of the researchers include; there is a need for a routine assessment of postpartum depression, and more so if the patient is of a high-risk pregnancy. Again, psychoeducation should be provided to the mothers during both the pre and postpartum periods. The researchers also recommend that qualified health care professionals should be availed to women at risk of postpartum depression. | Some of the recommendations which the researchers gave include: There is a need to consider mother’s mental health in postpartum care, and especially for mothers coming from poor countries. Text messaging should be embraced more to help in easing the shortage of mental health specialists. | The major recommendation is that any educational intervention should be provided to the mothers weeks after or before delivery to make them effective. | |
| Criteria | Article 4 | Article 5 | Article 6 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink |
Lackie, M. E., Parrilla, J. S., Lavery, B. M., Kennedy, A. L., Ryan, D., Shulman, B., & Brotto, L. A. (2021). Digital Health Needs of Women With Postpartum Depression: Focus Group Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), e18934. DOI: 10.2196/18934 | Lam, W., & Ngai, F. W. (2021). Process evaluation of couple‐based psychoeducation program for first‐time parents. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13543
| Shorey, S., Yang, Y. Y., & Dennis, C. L. (2018). A mobile health app–based postnatal educational program (Home-but not alone): descriptive qualitative study. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(4), e119. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9188 |
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | This study also deals with strategies for managing postpartum depression; the strategy evaluated by the study is web-based intervention to deliver psychoeducation. | The article relates to the PICOT in that it explores the benefits of psychoeducation intervention (Couple-based), which is in harmony with the PICOT question, which entails an evaluation of psychoeducation in managing postpartum depression. | This study relates to the PICOT question as it explores the views of new parents on the effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention delivered through a mobile health program. |
| Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) | The study is a qualitative study- it was identified through the data collection method, which was a semistructured guide in discussing patient’s opinions, ideas, and needs which were then put in transcripts and analyzed through thematic analysis. | The study is qualitative. Data is collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. | The study is a qualitative study. The data used in the study was collected through interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. |
| Purpose Statement | The purpose of the research was to evaluate the unfulfilled psychoeducational needs of mothers with postpartum depression and determine the efficacy of a web-based intervention to meet the needs. | The purpose of the study was to evaluate the benefits of using a couple-based psychoeducation intervention in managing postpartum depression and exploring the factors that affect the efficacy of the intervention. | The main purpose of the study was to do an exploratory study on the views of new parents on the content of postpartum psychoeducation. |
| Research Question | What are some of the unfulfilled psychoeducational needs, and what is the efficacy of using web-based intervention in meeting those needs among women with postpartum depression. | What are the benefits of a couple-based psychoeducational intervention in managing postpartum depression among first-time parents? | What are the views of parents to newborns concerning the delivery and content of a postpartum psychoeducation program? |
| Outcome | The outcome was that the use of web-enabled psychoeducation was effective in promoting postpartum mental health decision-making. | The outcome of the study is that the intervention was perceived to be effective in boosting emotional control and parental skills hence improving the sense of support. | The outcome is that the research subjects viewed the use of the mhealth app to facilitate psychoeducation as effective. |
Setting (Where did the study take place?) | The study was conducted across seven cities of British Columbia | The study was conducted in Hongkong. | The study took place in home-based settings where the participants were recruited immediately after getting discharged from the hospital. |
| Sample | A total number of 31 women were recruited in the study. | A total of 27 couples were recruited in the study | This study had a total of seventeen participants. |
| Method | The study used focus groups, where every group had participants ranging from two to seven which were facilitated by a coordinator. | The method used was a descriptive qualitative study, with the intervention consisting of a three-hour antenatal session and a half an hour telephone follow-ups, which were done at two weeks and four weeks after birth. | This research applied a descriptive qualitative study design where semistructured interviews were carried out. |
| Key Findings of the Study | Among the key findings were five themes, giving customization to promote relevance, empowering individuals to own their mental health, manage and attain wellness through capacity nurturing, giving validation for fighting stigma, and meeting needs through gap bridging. All of the themes pointed to promoting agency for mothers having postpartum depression. | While the intervention was efficacious in promoting emotional control and parenting skills, various factors were found to help in facilitating the intervention. For instance, reinforcements, arranging the intervention during non-working hours, and telephone follow-ups. | The major finding from the research include; the participants reported the educational program to be effective and a good information source. The modes of delivering the education, such as video and audio, underlined the information accessibility. Besides, the facilitators of the programs offered trustworthy advice. |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | The researchers recommended a necessity to explore specific details on how the psychoeducation needs of patients can be met through web-based intervention. | Among the recommendations by the researchers is that there is a need to integrate couple-based psychoeducation programs facilitated by nurses into the mainstream child care and maternal services regularly. | Among the recommendations is that technical hiccups of the platforms should be resolved and enhancements added. |
Conclusion
In conclusion, the PICOT question which will guide the study in the coming weeks has been formulated. Besides, an exhaustive literature search has been conducted to obtain peer-reviewed journals supporting the PICOT question. While three of the articles are qualitative studies, the other three are quantitative studies. It is worth noting that five of the six articles reported findings showing that psychoeducation has a positive influence on postpartum depression, while one reported no significant effect.
References
Chaharrahifard, L., Motlagh, A. J., Akbari-Kamrani, M., Ataee, M., & Esmaelzadeh–Saeieh, S. (2021). The Effect of Midwife-led Psycho-Education on Parental Stress, Postpartum Depression and Parental Competency in High Risk Pregnancy Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(2), 70-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2021.014.
Derakhshanpour, F., Kashani, L., Taghavi, S., Salimi, Z., & Shahini, N. (2020). Effect of a Psychoeducation Intervention on Postpartum Health. Journal of Clinical and Basic Research, 4(4), 8-16. 10.52547/jcbr.4.4.8.
Lackie, M. E., Parrilla, J. S., Lavery, B. M., Kennedy, A. L., Ryan, D., Shulman, B., & Brotto, L. A. (2021). Digital Health Needs of Women With Postpartum Depression: Focus Group Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), e18934. doi: 10.2196/18934.
Lam, W., & Ngai, F. W. (2021). Process evaluation of couple‐based psychoeducation program for first‐time parents. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13543.
Martín-Gómez, C., Moreno-Peral, P., Bellón, J. A., Cerón, S. C., Campos-Paino, H., Gómez-Gómez, I., … & Motrico, E. (2020). Effectiveness of psychological, psychoeducational and psychosocial interventions to prevent postpartum depression in adolescent and adult mothers: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 10(5), e034424. doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034424
Niksalehi, S., Taghadosi, M., Mazhariazad, F., & Tashk, M. (2018). The effectiveness of mobile phone text massaging support for mothers with postpartum depression: A clinical before and after study. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(5), 1058. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_120_17.
Shorey, S., Yang, Y. Y., & Dennis, C. L. (2018). A mobile health app–based postnatal educational program (Home-but not alone): descriptive qualitative study. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(4), e119. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9188
Resources
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Literature Evaluation Table
Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” resource to complete the PICOT Question and Literature Search assignment.
NRS-490-RS-LiteratureEvaluationTable.docx
Plagiarism
Read “Plagiarism,” located on the GCU Library website, for information on how to avoid plagiarism.
http://libguides.gcu.edu/c.php?g=330092&p=2216152
To Make Your Case, Start with a PICOT Question
Read “To Make Your Case, Start with a PICOT Question,” by Echevarria and Walker, from Nursing 2014 (2014).
https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2014/02000/To_make_your_case,_start_with_a_PICOT_question.7.aspx
Exploring the Evidence. Focusing on the Fundamentals: A Simplistic Differentiation Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Read “Exploring the Evidence. Focusing on the Fundamentals: A Simplistic Differentiation Between Qualitative and Quantitative Researc
… Read More
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=129106232&site=eds-live&scope=site
Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Decision Making: Nurses’ Perceptions, Knowledge, and Barriers
Read “Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Decision Making: Nurses’ Perceptions, Knowledge, and Barriers,” by Majid et al
… Read More
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133901/
Nursing Research: Understanding Methods for Best Practice
Read Chapter 1 in Nursing Research: Understanding Methods for Best Practice.
https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/nursing-research_understanding-methods-for-best-practice_1e.php
Writing in APA
View the “Writing in APA” tutorial,” located in the Writing Center in the Student Success Center.
https://www.gcumedia.com/lms-resources/student-success-center/v3.1/#/media-element/CHSS;CONHCP/A42DF845-8D41-E811-8B03-005056BD8A06
APA Basics
Reference the “APA Basics” information, located on the GCU Library website, to assist with the APA format and documentation of so
… Read More
http://libguides.gcu.edu/CitingSources/APA#s-lg-box-19138654
EBP: Evidence Based Practice
Read “EBP: Evidence Based Practice,” located in the Student Success Center.
https://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt540/ebp/v2.1/#/
Formulating a Researchable Question: A Criticle Step for Facilitating Good Clinical Research
Read “Formulating a Researchable Question: A Criticle Step for Facilitating Good Clinical Research,” by Aslam and Emmanuel, from
… Read More
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140151/
Searching Nursing Databases
Read the strategies and tips located on “Searching Nursing Databases” on the GCU Library website to assist you in searching the m
… Read More
https://libguides.gcu.edu/Nursing/journals
GCU Library Research Guides: Citing Sources
Reference the “GCU Library Research Guides: Citing Sources” resource for information on how to cite sources properly.
http://libguides.gcu.edu/c.php?g=330092&p=2216210
Chapter 7: The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation
Read “Chapter 7: The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation,” by Titler, from the online eBook, Patient Saf
… Read More
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2659/
Library Walk Through Tutorial
View the “Library Walk Through Tutorial.”
https://lc.gcumedia.com
Rubric Criteria
Total 120 points
| Criterion | 1. 1: Unsatisfactory | 2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory | 3. 3: Satisfactory | 4. 4: Good | 5. 5: Excellent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PICOT Question PICOT Question | 0 points A PICOT question is not included. | 9 points A PICOT question is provided but is incomplete. The PICOT question format is used incorrectly. | 9.96 points A PICOT question is provided. The PICOT question format is generally applied. Some information or revision is needed. | 11.28 points A PICOT question is provided. The PICOT question format is applied accurately. Some detail is need for support or clarity. | 12 points A PICOT question is clearly presented. The PICOT question format is applied accurately and presents an answerable and researchable question. |
Relationship of Articles to the PICOT Question Relationship of Articles to the PICOT Question | 0 points Three or more articles do not relate to the PICOT question. | 9 points At least two articles do not relate to the PICOT question. The remaining articles provide a small degree of support for the PICOT question. Different articles are needed to provide better support for the PICOT question. | 9.96 points At least one articles does not relate to the PICOT question. The remaining articles provide general support for the PICOT question. One or two different articles are needed to provide better support for the PICOT question. | 11.28 points Each article relates to the PICOT question. The articles provide support for the PICOT question. | 12 points Each article clearly relates to the PICOT question. The articles provide strong support for the PICOT question. |
Setting Setting | 0 points The setting is omitted for one or more of the articles. The setting described for three or more articles is inaccurate or incomplete. | 4.5 points The setting is indicated for each article. The setting described for two of the articles is inaccurate or incomplete. | 4.98 points The setting is indicated for each article. The setting described for one article is inaccurate or incomplete. | 5.64 points The setting is indicated for each article. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the physical, social, or cultural site in which the researcher conducted the study. | 6 points The setting in which the researcher conducted the study is detailed and accurate for each article. |
Recommendations of the Researcher Recommendations of the Researcher | 0 points Researcher recommendations are omitted for one or more of the articles. The recommendations described for three or more articles are inaccurate or incomplete. | 4.5 points Researcher recommendations are indicated for each article. The researcher recommendations described for two of the articles are inaccurate or incomplete. | 4.98 points Researcher recommendations for each article are presented. Researcher recommendations described for one article are inaccurate or incomplete. | 5.64 points Researcher recommendations for each article are accurately presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. | 6 points Researcher recommendations accurate are thoroughly described for each article. |
Purpose Statements Purpose Statements | 0 points Purpose statements are omitted or are incomplete overall. | 4.5 points Purpose statements are referenced but are incomplete in some areas. | 4.98 points Purpose statements are presented. There are minor omissions in some areas, or major inaccuracies. | 5.64 points Purpose statements summarized. There are some minor inaccuracies in some. | 6 points Purpose statements are accurate and clearly summarized. |
Method Method | 0 points Method of study for one or more articles is omitted. Overall, the methods of study are incomplete. | 4.5 points The method of study is partially presented for each article. Key information is consistently omitted. Overall, the methods reported contain inaccuracies. | 4.98 points The method of study for each article is presented. Some key aspects are missing for one or two articles, or there are some inaccuracies for the methods reported. | 5.64 points A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. | 6 points A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. |
Sample Sample | 0 points The sample is omitted for one or more of the articles. The sample described for three or more articles is inaccurate or incomplete. | 4.5 points The sample is indicated for each article. The sample described for at least two of the articles is inaccurate or incomplete. | 4.98 points The sample is indicated for each article. The sample described for one article is inaccurate or incomplete. | 5.64 points The sample is indicated for each article. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. | 6 points The sample is indicated and accurate for each article. |
Quantitative and Qualitative Articles Quantitative and Qualitative Articles | 0 points Fewer than six research articles are presented. Four or more articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, | 9 points Six research articles are presented. Three articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative | 9.96 points Six research articles are presented. Two articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. Some ability to identify the type of research design used in a study is demonstrated. | 11.28 points Six research articles are presented. One article does not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. A general ability to identify the type of research design used in a study is demonstrated. | 12 points Six research articles are presented. Each article meets the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. An ability to identify the different types of research design used in a study is consistently demonstrated. |
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) | 0 points Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. | 9 points Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. | 9.96 points Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. | 11.28 points Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. | 12 points Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. |
APA-Formatted Article Citations With Permalinks APA-Formatted Article Citations With Permalinks | 0 points Article citations and permalinks are omitted. | 4.5 points Article citations and permalinks are presented. There are significant errors in the APA format. One or more links do not lead to the intended article. | 4.98 points Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are presented in APA format, but there are errors. | 5.64 points Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are presented in APA format. There are minor errors. | 6 points Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are accurately presented in APA format. |
Summary of Clinical Issue Summary of Clinical Issue | 0 points A clinical issue is omitted or is not relevant to nursing practice. | 4.5 points A clinical issue is partially presented. It is unclear how the clinical issue relates to nursing practice. Significant aspects are missing, or there are inaccuracies. | 4.98 points A clinical issue is summarized. The issue generally relates to nursing practice. | 5.64 points A clinical issue is presented. The issue relates to nursing practice. Minor detail is needed for clarity. | 6 points A clinical issue is thoroughly described. The issue relates to nursing practice. |
Key Findings of the Study Key Findings of the Study | 0 points Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. | 4.5 points A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. | 4.98 points Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented for each article. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. | 5.64 points Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. | 6 points Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with relevant details and extensive explanation. |
Research Questions Research Questions | 0 points Research questions are omitted or are incomplete overall. | 4.5 points Research question is presented for each article. The research question has been misidentified or misinterpreted for at least two of the articles. Additional information is needed to fully illustrate the research question for several of the articles. | 4.98 points Research questions are presented. The research question has been misidentified or misinterpreted for one of the articles. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the research question for one or two articles. | 5.64 points Research questions are presented. Minor detail is needed for clarity in some areas. | 6 points Research questions are accurate and capture the fundamental question posed by the researchers in each study. |
Documentation of Sources Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) | 0 points Sources are not documented. | 9 points Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. | 9.96 points Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. | 11.28 points Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. | 12 points Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. |
Outcome Outcome | 0 points Research outcomes are omitted or are incomplete overall. | 4.5 points Research outcome is presented for each article. The research outcome has been misidentified or misinterpreted for at least two of the articles. Additional information is needed to fully illustrate the research outcomes for several of the articles. | 4.98 points Research outcomes are presented. The research outcome has been misidentified or misinterpreted for one of the articles. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the research outcomes for one or two articles. | 5.64 points Research outcomes are presented. Minor detail is needed for clarity in some areas. | 6 points Research outcomes are accurate and described in detail for each article. |
